بررسی تراکم و غالبیت علف‎های هرز تاکستان‎های شهرستان میاندوآب و تأثیر آن بر روی عملکرد انگور

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران

2 گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

3 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران

4 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، لرستان، ایران

چکیده

به‎منظور شناسایی و تعیین تراکم و غالبیت علف‎های هرز تاکستان‎های شهرستان میاندوآب، 25 تاکستان در 25 روستا شهرستان میاندوآب در اواخر اردیبهشت‎ماه سال 1395 بررسی شد. فراوانی، یکنواختی، تراکم، میانگین تراکم و شاخص غالبیت گونه‎های مختلف علف هرز، در هر تاکستان محاسبه شد. در همین باغات، تأثیر علف‎های هرز بر عملکرد انگور هم بررسی گردید که در این مورد زیست‎توده علف‎های هرز از 25 منطقه روستایی در 4 تکرار جمع‎آوری گردید. هم‎زمان با نمونه‎گیری از علف‎های هرز خصوصیاتی از میوه انگور شامل وزن میوه، حجم، طول، دانسیته و تعداد حبه در خوشه انگور در 4 تکرار ارزیابی شد. در مجموع تعداد 61 گونه علف هرز از 24 خانواده گیاهی در تاکستان‎ها شناسایی شد. 21 گونه در بیش از سه منطقه حضور داشتند. از 61 گونه شناسایی شده 32 گونه (46 درصد) به 4 خانواده گرامینه، کاسنی، بقولات و شب بو تعلق داشتند. این 4 خانواده به‎ترتیب با 11، 10، 7 و 4 گونه بیشترین تنوع را داشتند. از نظر شاخص وفور(AI)  علف‎های‎هرز شیرین‎بیان(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) ، قیاق(Sorghum halepense L.)  و پیچک(Convolvulus arvensis L.)  به‎ترتیب به‎عنوان علف‎های هرز غالب شناخته شدند. مقایسه میانگین‎های صفات مختلف انگور (حجم، وزن، طول و دانسیته میوه و تعداد حبه در خوشه) بیانگر وجود اختلاف معنی‎دار بین روستاها می‎باشد. نتایج نشان داد که بین وزن، طول، حجم، دانسیته میوه همبستگی مثبت و معنی‎دار وجود دارد. بدین‎ترتیب مشخص هست که افزایش هر یک از پارامتر‎های فوق افزایش وزن حبه را به همراه دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of density and predominance of weeds in vineyards of Miandoab city and its effect on grape yield

نویسندگان [English]

  • Arezu Movludi 1
  • Alireza Pirzad 2
  • Majid Rostami 3
  • Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh 2
  • Abdolreza Ahmadi 4
1 PhD Student in Crop Physiology, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
2 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
4 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
چکیده [English]

 Introduction: Grapes with the scientific name (vitis vinifera L) have a prominent position among the country's fruit trees as from the entire level of gardens in the country,  about 306 thousand hectares, equivalent to 11.4% , belongs to small fruits and about 96.2% of which is related to the grape surface. West Azerbaijan province is one of the most important regions of Iran for planting vines and the area under grape cultivation is close to 21808 hectares. Subsequently its production amount is reported more than 265 thousand tons which is important in the prosperity of the region's economy in terms of currency. According to the importance of grapes and raisins and its position in the country's economy and region and due to the lack of basic information about the weed status of this product at the national level and especially in the state of West Azerbaijan (which has an important share in the production of grapes), with identifying weed cover and determining the abundance status and distribution of weed species, it can be achieved to the substructure information for designing weed management programs in this important crop.
Materials and Methods:  Miandoab city (has a semi-arid climate with hot and dry summer and semi-humid winter) has 2694 square kilometers area with geographical longitude 46 degrees and 6 minutes east of the Greenwich meridian and 36 degrees and 58 minutes north From the equator. It is located in the middle of the plains leading to Lake Urmia with a height of 1314 meters above sea level. In order to identify and determine the density and dominance of weeds in the vineyards of Miandoab city 25 vineyards in 25 areas of the Miandoab city were investigated in late May 2016. Frequency, uniformity, density, mean density and dominance index of different weed species were calculated in each garden. Then experiment to investigate the effect of weeds on grape yield is done in mid-September. For this Weed biomass from 25 rural areas were collected in 4 replications. At the same time as sampling weeds, also characteristics of grape were evaluated in 4 replications. These characteristics include fruit weight, volume, length, density and number of berries per grape cluster. After calculating the Shannon-Wiener index of different regions, Ward's cluster analysis with SPSS software was used to compare and group regions. After these steps, the desired map was prepared using Google earth software.
Results and Discussion: In total, 61 species of weeds from 24 plant families were identified in the vineyards of Miandoab city. 21 species were present in more than three regions. In terms of density, Sogli Tappeh, Mullah Shahabuddin and Shabilo villages had the highest weed density with 49.6, 49.5 and 46 plants per square meter, respectively. From the 61 identified species, 32 species (46%) belonged to 4 families: Gramineae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. These 4 families with 11, 10, 7 and 4 species had the highest diversity in the city, respectively. In terms of weed abundance index (AI) Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sorghum halepense and Convolvulus arvensis were recognized as the dominant weeds in the city, respectively. Gara Tappeh, Gog Tappeh and Mameh Del villages with 26, 24 and 22 species, respectively, with the highest variety And Islamabad, Hyderabad and Hosseinabad villages had the least variety with 10, 10 and 11 species, respectively. Results of comparing the means of different traits of grapes (volume, weight, length and density of fruit and number of berries per spike) indicate a significant difference in the level of 5% probability between villages. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between weight, length, volume and fruit density at the level of 1% probability. Thus, it is clear that increasing any of the above parameters causes the weight of the berry to increase.
Conclusion: In general, according to the knowledge of density, dispersion and species of weed ‎‎in the studied vineyards and using the right management methods the amount of interference of problematic species can be reduced and also the entry of weeds, especially problematic species, from one area to another susceptible area can be prevented. In addition by studying the climatic conditions, climate and soil of the region and also, by having information about the common management methods in the region, it is possible to understand the reasons for the presence and changes in the density of some species in some areas and used this information in integrated weed management.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Abundance index
  • Frequency
  • Identification
  • Weed density
Agricultural Statistics of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of West Azerbaijan Province. 2020. (www.irna.ir/news/84039372/).
Ahmadi, A.R., Khamoshi, F. and Vaisi, M. 2016. Study of the weeds population structure and diversity in sugar beet fields in Kermanshah Province. Sugar Beet, 32(1): 74-86. (In Persian).
Amiri, J., ghaderi, N., Vafaie, Y. and Khani, A.M. 2016. Evaluation of genetic diversity of some grape cultivars in the west of the country based on the quantity and quality of fruit. The first national symposium on small fruits, 252-258. (In Persian)
Anderson, R.L. and Beck, D.L. 2007. Characterizing weed communities among various rotations in central South Dakota. Weed Technology, 21: 76- 79.
Booth, B.D., Murphy, S.D. and Swanton, C.J. 2003.Weed ecology in natural and agricultural systems. CABI Publishing, p. 303.
Doulati Baneh, H., Nazemia, A., Mohammadi, A., Hassani, G. and Henarch, M. 2010. Identification and evaluation of West Azerbaijan grape cultivars by paleography and ampelomelery. Plant Production Technology, 10: 13-23. (In Persian).
Gharde, Y., Singh, P.K., Dubey, R.P. and Gupta, P.K. 2018. Assessment of yield and economic losses in agriculture due to weeds in India. Crop Protection, 107: 12-18.
Jalilian, A., Mondani, F., Khoramivafa, M. and Bagheri, A. 2018. Evaluation of CliPest model in simulation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana L.) competition in Kermanshah. Agroecology, 10(1): 248-266.
Krohn, N.G. and Ferree, D.C. 2005. Effects of low-growing perennial ornamental groundcovers on the growth and fruiting of 'Seyval blanc' grapevines. HortScience, 40: 561-568.
Lair, K. and Redente, E.F. 2004. Influence of auxin and sulfonylurea herbicides on seeded native communities. Journal of Range Management, 57: 211-218.
Madhaj, A. and Alikhani, Z. 2017. Integrated weed control (chemical & mechanical) in Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) under Shoushtar conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 8(1): 22-32. (In Persian).
Minbashi, M., Baghestanii, M.A. and Rahimian, H. 2008. Introducing abundance index for assessing weed flora in survey studies. Weed Biology and Management, 8: 172-180. (In Persian).
Mozaffarian, V. 2008. Flora of Iran. No. 59: Compositae: Anthemideae & Echinopeae. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, p. 443. (In Persian).
Mureithi, D.M., Komi, F.K., Ekesi, S. and Meyhöfer, R. 2017. Important arthropod pests on leafy Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis, A. tricolor and A. blitum) and broad-leafed African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) with a special focus on host-plant ranges. African Journal of Horticultural Science, 11: 1-17.
Najatian, M.A. 2018. Encyclopedia of Iranian Grapes and Raisins. Agricultural Education and Extension Publications, p. 385. (In Persian).
Taak, P., Koul, B., Chopra, M. and Sharma, K. 2020. Comparative assessment of mulching and herbicide treatments for weed management in Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) cultivation, South African Journal of Botany. (16), p. 14.
Thomas, A.G., Douglas, J.D. and Mc Cully, K.V. 1994. Weed survey of spring cereals in New Brunswick. Phytoprotection, 5: 113-124.
Thomas, A.G. 1991. Floristic composition and relative abundance of weeds in annual crops of Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 71: 831-839.
Veisi, M., Rahimian, H., Alizadeh, H., Minbashi, M. and Oveisi, M. 2015. Effect of crop protection and herbicides management on weed species distribution in wheat fields. Journal of Iranian Crop Science, 4: 521-530. (In Persian).
Xianming, W., Sykes, S.R. and Clingeleffer, P.R. 2002. An investigation to estimate genetic parameters in CSIRO’s table grape breeding program. 2. Quality characteristics. Euphytica, 128: 343-351.
Zarrin Kaviani, B., Zaid Ali, A., Moradi, R. and Zarrin Kaviani, K. 2018. Investigation of integrated weed management on quantitative and qualitative yield of corn seed density and diversity of weeds in Dehloran climatic conditions. Journal of Applied Crop Research, 31(4): 129-150. (In Persian).