تأثیر محلول‌پاشی هورمون سیتوکینین بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد ارقام گندم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشکده باهنر پاکدشت و شریعتی، دانشگاه فنی و حرفه‌ای، تهران، ایران

3 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

گندم یکی از مهم­ترین گیاهان زراعی دنیا است. به­کارگیری راه­کارهایی که سبب بهبود عملکرد گندم شود، بسیار ضروری است. به­منظور بررسی اثرات محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و عملکرد ارقام گندم، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در سال زراعی 1395 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل محلول­پاشی بنزیل­آمینوپورین در دو سطح (صفر (شاهد) و 50 میکرومولار) و شش رقم گندم (آزادی، کرج 3، روشن، فلات، سرداری و یاواروس) بودند. محلول­پاشی هورمون در مرحله‌ی 50 درصد ظهور خوشه­ها (کد 55 مرحله رشدی زادوکس) سه مرتبه به فاصله هر هفت روز یک ­بار انجام گردید. سرعت فتوسنتز، دوام شاخص سطح برگ، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد زیست­توده و عملکرد دانه با کاربرد سیتوکینین افزایش معنی­داری داشت. طول دوره پر شدن همه ارقام به­جز رقم فلات با کاربرد سیتوکینین افزایش یافت. هم­چنین، کاربرد سیتوکینین سرعت پر شدن دانه همه ارقام را کاهش ولی رقم روشن را به­میزان 17/3درصد افزایش داد. محلول­پاشی سیتوکینین وزن خشک نهایی دانه ارقام آزادی، روشن و یاواروس را به­ترتیب به­میزان 5/6، 14/8و 6/2 درصد افزایش داد ولی بر سایر ارقام اثر معنی­داری نداشت. از بین ارقام مورد بررسی، رقم آزادی با میانگین 1/08 و رقم سرداری با 1/55 میلی­گرم در روز به­ترتیب کم­ترین و بیش­ترین سرعت پر شدن دانه را دارا بودند. کاربرد سیتوکینین طول دوره پر شدن دانه همه ارقام به­غیر از رقم روشن را افزایش داد. در شرایط بدون کاربرد سیتوکینین، رقم آزادی با 5700 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشترین و رقم روشن با 3100 کیلوگرم در هکتار، کمترین عملکرد دانه را دارا بودند. نتایج نشان داد که واکنش ارقام گندم به کاربرد سیتوکینین یکسان نبوده و نتیجه به­دست آمده در ارقام مختلف گندم متفاوت می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The influence of foliar application of cytokinin on wheat cultivars' physiological traits and yield

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdie Sadat Hosseini 1
  • Hadi Salek Mearaji 2
  • Afshin Tavakoli 3
  • Reza fotovat 3
1 M.Sc Graduated, Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, College of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
2 Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Bahonar Pakdasht & Shariati, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran
3 Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, College of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops and is grown nearly everywhere in the world. Wheat is the primary staple food in many countries. In light of the fact that wheat yield varies depending on environmental conditions, it is crucial to employ strategies that increase wheat yield.
Materials and Methods: To investigate the effects of foliar application of cytokinin on the physiological traits and yield of wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with tree replications was conducted at the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty, University of Zanjan, during the 2016 cropping seasons. Six wheat cultivars (Azadi, Karaj 3, Roshan, Falat, Sardari and Yavarus) were treated with foliar applications of cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine) at two levels (0 (control) and 50 µM). At the 50% stage of cluster emergence (code 55 Zadox growth stage), hormone foliar application was performed three times per week. Foliar spraying was done at sunset. To improve absorption, five ml of diluted Tween 20 (0.1%) was added to each 20-liter sprayer. 10 days after the third spraying, a sample was taken and the traits were measured in order to determine their value.
Results and Discussion: The application of cytokinin significantly increased photosynthetic rate, leaf area index durability, weight per thousand grains, biological yield, and grain yield. The application of cytokinin had no significant impact on the greenness index of the Falat, Karaj 3, Roshan, and Yavarus cultivars, but increased the greenness index of the Sardari cultivar by 116.2% and decreased the greenness index of the Falat cultivar by 12.0%. The Karaj 3 cultivar had the highest photosynthesis with an average of 10.6 μmol.m-2.s-1 net CO2 assimilation rate, while the Falat cultivar had the lowest photosynthesis with 6.46 μmol.m-2.s-1 net CO2 assimilation rate. The application of cytokinin increased the leaf area index duration of the Falat, Karaj 3, and Yavarus cultivars while having no effect on the other cultivars. The foliar application of cytokinin had no effect on the number of seeds per plant, but there were significant differences in the number of seeds among the cultivars studied. The cultivars Karaj 3 and Yavarus had the highest and lowest seed yields per plant, with 172.6 and 83.7 seeds per plant, respectively. The foliar application of cytokinin increased the final grain dry weight of the Azadi, Roshan, and Yavarus cultivars by 5.6%, 14.8%, and 6.2%, respectively, but had no effect on the Karaj 3, Falat, and Sardari cultivars. The Azadi cultivar with an average of 1.08 mg/day and the Sardari cultivar with an average of 1.55 mg/day had the lowest and highest grain filling rates, respectively, among the cultivars studied. Except for the cultivar Roshan, the application of cytokinin increased during the grain filling period of all other cultivars. Compared to the control treatment, cytokinin increased the one-thousand seed weight by 5%. Cytokinin increased the weight of one-tousand seeds by 5% compared to the control treatment. The application of cytokinin increased the yield of the Yavarus, Karaj 3, and Sardari cultivars by 23.7%, 30.1%, and 65.5%, respectively, but had no effect on the yield of other cultivars. In the absence of cytokinin application, Azadi had the highest grain yield at 5700 kg/ha, while Roshan had the lowest at 3100 kg/ha. The application of cytokinin had no significant effect on the harvest index. The Sardari and Yavarus cultivars had the highest and lowest harvest indices (31.4% and 25.1%, respectively), whereas the harvest indices of the other cultivars did not differ significantly.
Conclusion: Morphological, physiological, and yield-related traits differ among wheat cultivars, as demonstrated by the results of the present study. The results demonstrated that the response of wheat cultivars to cytokinin application was highly variable, and that hormone application may be ineffective or have a negative impact on certain traits.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Benzylaminopurine
  • Grain filling
  • Leaf area duration
  • Photosynthesis
  • Triticum aestivum

مراجع

Abd El-Rheem Kh, M. and Mahdy, H.A. 2014. Effect of organic cytokinin and nitrogen fertilization on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology, 4(8): 1-7.
Aldesuquy, H.S., Baka, Z.A. and Mickky, B.M. 2013. Does exogenous application of kinetin and spermine mitigate the effect of seawater on yield attributes and biochemical aspects of grains? Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 9(2): 21-34.
Alizadeh, O., Jafari Haghighi, B. and Ordookhani, K. 2010. The effects of exogenous cytokinin application on sink size in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(21): 2893-2898.
Arunyanark, A., Jogloy, S., Akkasaeng, C., Vorasoot, N., Kesmala, T., Nageswara Rao, R.C., Wright, G.C. and Patanothai, A. 2008. Chlorophyll stability is an indicator of drought tolerance in peanut. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 194(2): 113-125.
Aydin, N., Mut, Z. and Ozcan, H. 2010. Estimation of broad-sense heritability for grain yield and some agronomic and quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8(2): 419-421.
Azzedine, F., Gherroucha, H. and Baka, M. 2011. Improvement of salt tolerance in durum wheat by ascorbic acid application. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 7: 27-33.
Bakhshayeshi Geshlagh, M. 2011. Study of adaptability and yield stability of wheat cultivars in cold and mountainous moderate-cold climate of Iran. Journal of Crops Improvement, 13 (2): 41-49. (In Persian).
Bakhshayeshi, M. and Bakhshayeshi, H. 2012. Study of interaction of genotype environment and stability of grain yield in bread wheat cultivars in Kurdestan province. New Finding in Agriculture, 6(4): 201-213. (In Persian).
Chernyad’ev, I.I. 2009. The protective action of cytokinins on the photosynthetic machinery and productivity of plants under stress. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 45(4): 351-362.
Cortleven, A. and Schmülling, T. 2015. Regulation of chloroplast development and function by Cytokinin. Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(16): 4999-5013.
Davani, D., Nabipoor, M. and Roshanfekr Dezfoli, H. 2016. Effect of cytokinin and auxin regulators on some characteristics of grain maize under different planting patterns in salinity conditions. Cereal Research, 6(2): 215-228. (In Persian).
Duguid, S.D. and Brûlé-Babel, A.L. 1994. Rate and duration of grain filling in five spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 74(4): 681-686.
Dwivedi, S.K., Kumar, S., Mondal, S., Malviya, N. and Dubey, R. 2014. Physiological basis of cytokinin induced drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of AgriSearch, 1(3): 139-144.
Emam, Y., Karimzadeh Sureshjani, H., Moori, S. and Maghsoudi, K. 2013. Yield response of bread and durum wheat to different levels of auxin and cytokinin application under terminal drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 3(8): 93-104. (In Persian).
Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2018. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Database; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome. Available online: http://www.fao.org.
Farouk, S. and Sanusi, A.B.A.J. 2019. Potent induction of wheat flowering and its related to yield components. Journal of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 19(4): 270-278.
Ghatei, A., Bakhshandeh, A., Abdali Mashhadi, A., Siadat, S.A., Alami saeid, K. and Gharineh, M. 2015. Effect of different nitrogen levels and cytokinin foliar application on yield and yield components of wheat at terminal heat stress conditions in ahwaz. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 5(16): 97-107. (In Persian).
Hooshmandi, B. 2015. Evaluation some morphophysiological indices and yield of bread wheat cultivars. Crop Physiology Journal, 7(26): 121-134. (In Persian).
Jalali Honarmand, S., Rasaei, A., Saeidi, M., Ghobadi, M. and Khanizadeh, S. 2016. Impact of foliar application of growth hormones at stages of yield components formation of two wheat cultivars under dry-land conditions. Crop Physiology Journal, 8(29): 43-57. (In Persian).
Jalali-Honarmand, S., Rasaei, A., Saeidi, M., Ghobadi, M.E. and Khanizadeh, S. 2015. The effects of foliar application of plant hormones at booting stage on wheat yield components. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 48(1): 35-38.
Jameson, P.E. and Song, J. 2016. Cytokinin: a key driver of seed yield. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(3): 593-606.
Joshi, S., Choukimath, A., Isenegger, D., Panozzo, J., Spangenberg, G. and Kant, S. 2019. Improved wheat growth and yield by delayed leaf senescence using developmentally regulated expression of a cytokinin biosynthesis gene. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 1285.
Karam, F., Lahoud, R., Masaad, R., Kabalan, R., Breidi, J., Chalita, C. and Rouphael, Y. 2007. Evapotranspiration, seed yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated sunflower under full and deficit irrigation conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 90(3): 213-223.
Karimi, A., Meskarbashee, M., Nabipour, M. and Broomandnasab, S. 2012. The study of some quantity and quality characteristics of two wheat cultivars under different planting method and irrigation levels conditions. Journal of Agriculture Science and Sustainable Production, 21(4): 95-104. (In Persian)
Khajehpour, M.R. 2014. Cereal crops. Isfahan University of Technology Publication Center. 1st edition, pp.764. (In Persian).
Khamdi, N., Nabipour, M., Roshanfekr, H. and Rahnama, A. 2019. Effect of seed priming and application of cytokinin and auxin on growth and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Ahwaz climatic conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 21(1): 31-44. (In Persian).
Khosravi-Nejad, F., Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Moradi, F. and Najafi, F. 2013. Abscisic acid and cytokinin spraying effect on cation contents in two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress. Jrournal of Plant & Biotechnology, 8(2): 1-12. (In Persian). 
Maddah Hosseini, S., Poustini, K. and Ahmadi, A. 2008. Effects of foliar application of BAP on source and sink strength in four six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Plant Growth Regulation, 54(3): 231-239.
Mehari, M., Alamerew, S. and Lakew, B. 2014. Genotype environment interaction and yield stability of malt barley genotypes evaluated in Tigray, Ethiopia Using the Ammi Analysis. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 13(2): 73-79.
Mohammadi, H., Moradi, F., Ahmadi, A., Abbasi, A. and Poustini, K. 2012. Drought effect on hormone changes and carbohydrates levels in developing grains of two wheat cultivars. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 4(4): 139-155.
Mohammadi Gonbad, R., Esfahani, M., Roustaei, M. and Sabouri, H. 2016. Effect of planting dates on grain filling of bread wheat genotypes under rain-fed condition of Gonbad-e-Qabus region. Cereal Research, 6(3): 307-321. (In Persian).
Momtazi, F. 2011. Responses of different wheat cultivars to post anthesis drought stress. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 3(9): 1-16. (In Persian).
Moshattati, A., Alami-Saied, Kh., Siadat., S.A., Bakhshandeh, A.M. and Jalal-Kamali, M. R. 2010. Evaluation of terminal heat stress tolerance in spring bread wheat cultivars in Ahwaz conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 12(2): 85-99 (In Persian).
Nagar, S., Ramakrishnan, S., Singh, V.P., Singh, G.P., Dhakar, R., Umesh, D.K. and Arora, A. 2015. Cytokinin enhanced biomass and yield in wheat by improving N-metabolism under water limited environment. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 20(1): 31-38.
Nguyen, H.N., Perry, L., Kisiala, A., Olechowski, H. and Emery, R.N. 2020. Cytokinin activity during early kernel development corresponds positively with yield potential and later stage ABA accumulation in field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Planta, 252(5): 1-16.
Peleg, Z., Reguera, M., Tumimbang, E., Walia, H. and Blumwald, E. 2011. Cytokinin‐mediated source/sink modifications improve drought tolerance and increase grain yield in rice under water‐stress. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 9(7): 747-758.
Pirasteh Anosheh, H. and Emam, Y. 2012. Yield and yield component responses of bread and durum wheat to PGRs under drought stress conditions in field and greenhouse. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 5(1): 1-17. (In Persian).
Qin, H., Gu, Q., Zhang, J., Sun, L., Kuppu, S., Zhang, Y., Burow, M., Payton, P., Blumwald, E. and Zhang, H. 2011. Regulated expression of an isopentenyltransferase gene (IPT) in peanut significantly improves drought tolerance and increases yield under field conditions. Plant and Cell Physiology, 52(11): 1904-1914.
Rahemi karizaki, A., Rezaei, H., Gholizadeh, A., Nakhzari Moghadam, A. and Naeeimi, M. 2020. Study of the response of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in semi-arid and semi-humid regions of golestan province. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 17(4): 579-590. (In Persian).
Reynolds, M. and Braun, H. 2019. Benefits to low-input agriculture. Nature Plants, 5(7): 652-653.
Saeidi, M., Moradi, F., Ahmadi, A., Poostini, K. and Najafian,G. 2006. Effect of exogenous application of ABA and CK at different stages of grain development on some physiological aspects of source and sink relationship in two bread wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 8(3): 268-282. (In Persian).
Salehnia, N., Salehnia, N., Torshizi, A.S. and Kolsoumi, S. 2020. Rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield prediction using economical, meteorological, and drought indicators through pooled panel data and statistical downscaling. Ecological Indicators, 111: 105991-106001.
Sarafraz Aradakani, M.R. 2019. Effect of cytokinin and brassinosteroid treatments on some biochemical and physiological of wheat cultivars under drought stress in generative phase. Crop Physiology Journal, 11(43): 5-24.
Sarafraz Ardakani, M.R., Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Moradi, F. and Najafi, F. 2018. Photosynthetic efficiency and grain yield of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars during drought stress under exogenous application of cytokinin and abscisic acid treatments. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 11(3): 503-514. (In Persian).
Talebifar, M., Taghizadeh, R. and Kamali Kivi, S.E. 2015. Determination of relationships between yield and yield components in wheat varieties under water deficit stress in different growth stages through Path analysis. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 108: 107-113.
Wani, S.H., Kumar, V., Shriram, V. and Sah, S.K. 2016. Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. The Crop Journal, 4(3): 162-176.
Xie, Z., Jiang, D., Dai, T., Jing, Q. and Cao, W. 2004. Effect of exogenous ABA and cytokinin on leaf photosynthesis and grain protein accumulation in wheat ears cultured in vitro. Plant Growth Regulation, 44: 25-32.
Yang, J. and Zhang, J. 2010. Grain-filling problem in ‘super’rice. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(1): 1-5.
Yang, J., Zhang, J., Wang, Z. and Zhu, Q. 2003. Hormones in the grains in relation to sink strength and postanthesis development of spikelets in rice. Plant Growth Regulation, 41: 185-195.
Yaronskaya, E., Vershilovskaya, I., Poers, Y., Alawady, A.E., Averina, N. and Grimm, B. 2006. Cytokinin effects on tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and photosynthetic activity in barley seedlings. Planta, 224(3): 700-709.
Zadoks, J.C., Chang, T.T. and Konzak, C.F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14(6): 415-421.
Zaheer, M.S., Raza, M.A.S., Saleem, M.F., Erinle, K.O., Iqbal, R. and Ahmad, S. 2019. Effect of rhizobacteria and cytokinins application on wheat growth and yield under normal vs drought conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(20): 2521-2533.
Zavaleta-Mancera, H.A., López-Delgado, H., Loza-Tavera, H., Mora-Herrera, M., Trevilla-García, C., Vargas-Suárez, M. and Ougham, H. 2007. Cytokinin promotes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities and preserves the chloroplast integrity during dark-senescence. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164(12): 1572-1582.
Zhang, H., Chen, T., Wang, Z., Yang, J.C. and Zhang, J. 2010. Involvement of cytokinins
in the grain filling of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(13): 3719-3733.
Zheng, C., Zhu, Y., Wang, C. and Guo, T. 2016. Wheat grain yield increase in response to pre-anthesis foliar application of 6-benzylaminopurine is dependent on floret development. PLOS ONE, 11(6): 1-14.

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 03 مهر 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 11 دی 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 11 دی 1400

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار