تأثیر مالچ مواد آلی بر خصوصیات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی سورگوم علوفه‌ای (Sorghum bicolor L.) در پاسخ به رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکترای فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکترای فیزیولوژی دام و طیور، گروه علوم طیور، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

4 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

چکیده

این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد مالچ حاصل از باقی‌مانده مواد آلی موجود در پهنه جنگل، ‌مزارع برنج، باغات چای و بادام زمینی و کمبود آب آبیاری بر خصوصیات مختلف مورفوفیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی سورگوم علوفه‌ای در شرایط مزرعه انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی سال 1397 در مزارع منتخب تحقیقاتی منطقه دیلمان شهرستان سیاهکل زیر نظر گروه زراعت دانشگاه تربیت مدرس و کارشناسان ترویج جهادکشاورزی لاهیجان اجرا شد. عوامل مورد بررسی شامل سه سطح تنش کمبود آب بر اساس آبیاری 15، 30 و 45 درصد کم‌تر از ظرفیت زراعی و شش سطح مالچ آلی شامل بدون مالچ، مالچ کلش برنج، مالچ پوسته شلتوک برنج، مالچ پیله بادام‌زمینی، مالچ ضایعات چای و مالچ خاکبرگ بودند. نتایج نشان داد در شرایط تنش متوسط، تیمارهای مالچ کلش برنج و پوسته شلتوک برنج، در عملکرد علوفه تر و سرعت فتوسنتز گیاه به‌ترتیب 39/13 و 26/65 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش نشان داد. همچنین، در شرایط تنش شدید، مالچ‌های کلش برنج، پوسته شلتوک برنج و پیله بادام زمینی، میزان بهره‌وری اقتصادی آب و وزن خشک علف‌های هرز را به‌ترتیب 63/48، 55/21 و 46/40 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد. کاربرد مالچ مواد آلی به‌ویژه کلش برنج، پوسته شلتوک برنج و پیله بادام زمینی به‌ترتیب موجب جلوگیری از کاهش 6/08، 13/70و 16/75 درصد عملکرد دانه نسبت به شاهد تحت شرایط تنش متوسط شد. به‌طورکلی، مالچ مواد آلی در افزایش عملکرد دانه و علوفه تر، سرعت فتوسنتر، فعالیت آنتی اکسیدان‌ها و بهره‌وری آب و همچنین کاهش میزان علف‌های هرز مزرعه در شرایط تنش از توانایی بالایی برخوردار بوده و سهم بسزایی در بهبود مقاومت به خشکی در گیاه سورگوم علوفه‌ای دارد. در نهایت، استفاده از مالچ مواد آلی در کشت سورگوم علوفه‌ای تحت شرایط تنش خشکی فصلی توصیه می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of organic mulch on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of forage sorghum (Sorghum bocolor L.) in response to different irrigation regimes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Ghanbari 1
  • Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli 2
  • Zeinab Zanganeh 3
  • Kamran Mansour Ghanaei-Pashaki 4
1 Ph.D. Crop Physiology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 Ph.D. Student of Livestock and poultry physiology, Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4 Ph.D. Candidat, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
چکیده [English]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mulch application from organic matter residues in forest area, rice fields, tea and peanut orchards and irrigation water deficit on different morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of forage sorghum in field conditions. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in selected research farms in Deilman area of Siahkal city under the supervision of Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Agronomy and Lahijan Agricultural Jihad Extension Experts in 2018. Factorial combinations of three levels of water deficit stress 15%, 30% and 45% of less than FC and six organic mulch, no mulch, rice straw mulch, paddy rice husk mulch, peanut shell mulch, tea waste mulch and leaf mold mulch were used. The results showed that under moderate stress conditions, rice straw mulch and rice paddy husk treatment showed the highest forage yield and plant photosynthesis rate of 39.13 and 26.65%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Also, under conditions of severe stress, rice straw mulch, rice paddy husk and peanut shell mulch increased the economic efficiency of water and dry weight of weeds by 63.48, 55.21 and 46.40%, respectively, compared to the control. Application of organic matter mulch, especially rice straw, rice paddy husk and peanut shell mulch, prevented a reduction of 6.08, 13.70 and 16.75% of grain yield compared to the control under moderate stress conditions, respectively. In general, organic matter mulch has a high ability to increase grain and forage yield, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant activity and economic efficiency of water, as well as reduce field weeds in stress conditions and make a significant contribution to improving drought resistance in Forage Sorghum. Finally, the use of organic matter mulch in the cultivation of forage sorghum under seasonal drought stress conditions is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Anti-Oxidant
  • Sorghum bicolor
  • Water Deficit
  • Water Productivity
  • Weed
Abid, M., Tian, Z., Ata-Ul-Karim, S.T., Liu, Y., Cui, Y., Zahoor, R., Jiang, D. and Dai, T. 2016. Improved tolerance to post-anthesis drought stress by pre-drought priming at vegetative stages in drought tolerant and -sensitive wheat cultivars. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 106: 218-227.
AJMIRI (Agricultural Jihad Ministry of Islamic Republic of Iran). 2020. Programs and Achievements. Achievements of the agricultural sector in the twelfth government. (Available at http://www.pr.maj.ir/portal/Home/). (In Persian).
Aladesanwa, R.D. and Adigun, A.W. 2008. Evaluation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) live mulch at different spacing’s for weed suppression and yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) in southwestern Nigeria. Crop Protection, 27: 968-975.
Alemi, M.H. and Malek, E. 1986. Water consumption of plants and water needed for irrigation. Shiraz University Publishing Center, 309 pp. (In Persian).
Andrade, F.H., Echarte, L., Rizzalli, R., Della Maggiora, A. and Casanovas, M. 2002. Kernel number predication in maize under nitrogen or water stress. Crop Science, 42: 1173-1179.
Awopegba, M., Oladel, S. and Awodun, M. 2017. Effect of mulch types on nutrient composition, maize (Zea mays L.) yield and soil properties of a tropical Alfisol in Southwestern Nigeria. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 6(2): 121-133.
Bassi, D., Menossi, M. and Mattiello, L. 2018. Nitrogen supply influences photosynthesis establishment along the sugarcane leaf. Scientific Reports, 8: 2327.
Bilalis, D., Sidiras, N., Economou, A. and Vakali, C. 2003. Effect of different levels of wheat straw soil surface coverage on weed flora in Vicia faba crops. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 189: 233-241.
Blaise, D., Bonde, A.N. and Chaudhary, R.S. 2005. Nutrient uptake and balance of cotton plus pigeonpea strip intercropping on rainfed vertisols of central India. Nutr Cycling in Agroecosyst, 73: 135-145.
Blokhina, O., Virolainen, E. and Fagestedt, K.V. 2003. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress: A review. Annual Botany, 91: 179-194.
Boyer, J.S. 1996. Advances in drought tolerance in plants. Advance Agronomy, 56: 187-217.
Bradford, M. 1976. A rapid sensitive method for the quantitation of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Annual Review Biochemestry, 72: 248-254.
Buxton, D.R., Mertens, V. and Fisher, D.S. 1996. Forage Quality and Ruminant Utilization. Pp. 229- 266. In: Moser, L.E., Buxton, D.R. and Casler, M.D. (Ed.) Cool-Season Forage Grasses. American Society of Agronomy Monograph, Series 34. Madison, Wisconsin.
Cakmak, I. 2005. K alleviates detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in Plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 68: 521-530.
Cakmak, I. and Horst, W. 1991. Effect of aluminium on lipid preoxidation superoxide dismutase, catalase and preoxidas activities in root tip of soybean (Glysin max L.). Plant Physiology, 83: 463-468.
Carmi, A., Aharoni, Y., Edelstein, M., Umiel, N., Hagiladi, A., Yosef, E., Nikbachat, M., Zenou, A. and Miron, J. 2006. Effects of irrigation and plant density on yield, composition and in vitro digestibility of a new forage sorghum variety, Tal, at two maturity stages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 131: 120-132.
Earl, H.J. and Davis, R.F. 2003. Effect of drought stress on leaf and canopy whole radiation use efficiency and yield of maize. Agronomy Journal, 95: 688-696.
Fakhari, M.A., Lotfalian, M., Hosseini, S.A. and Khaledi Darvishan, A. 2018. Effect of rice straw and wood chips on Soil erosion and seedling growth on the fill slope of forest roads. Quarterly Journal of Environmental Erosion Research, 8(2): 104-117-8. (In Persian).
FAO STAT. 2018. FAO statistical database (available at www.fao.org).
Ghanati, F., Morita, A. and Yokota, H. 2002. Induction of suberin and increase of lignin content by excess Boron in Tobacco cell. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 48(3): 357-364.
Ghanbari, M., Modares-Sanavy, S.A.M. and Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. 2018. Mulch. Research & Innovation Center, ETKA Organization Press, 158 pp. (In Persian).
Ghanbari, M., Pour Rahmat Balalami, H., Asghari, J., Masour Ghanaei Pashaki, K. and Alami, A. 2013. The effect of combined mulching of tea wastes and weeding on weeds and harvesting index of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces of Guilan province. The 2nd National Conference on Modern Issues in Agriculture, 19 December, Islamic Azad University-Saveh Branch. (In Persian).
Ghanbari, M., Pour Rahmat Balalami, H., Asghari, J., Pour Eisa-Chafejiri, M. and Alami, A. 2014a. The effect of different amounts of tea waste mulching and hand weeding on yield and yield components of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces of Guilan province. The first congress of agriculture and sustainable natural resources, 30 January, Educational Institute of Mehr Arvand, Tehran. (In Persian).
Ghanbari, M., Pour Rahmat Balalami, H., Asghari, J., Pour Eisa-Chafejiri, M. and Alami, A. 2014b. The effect of different amounts of tea waste mulching and hand weeding on some morphological characteristics and protein and starch percent of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces of Guilan province. The first congress of agriculture and sustainable natural resources, 30 January, Educational Institute of Mehr Arvand, Tehran. (In Persian).
Ghanbarizadeh, J., Naderi, D. and Golparvar, A.R. 2018. The effects of tuff combination with conventional organic media on some vegetative and flowering characteristics of potted Alstroemeria. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(2): 345-357. (In Persian).
Ghobadi, R., Shirkhani, A. and Jalilian, A. 2015. Effects of Water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, its components, water and nitrogen use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) cv. SC. 704. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 104: 79-87. (In Persian).
Goel, L., Shankar, V. and Sharma, R.K. 2019. Investigations on effectiveness of wheat and rice straw mulches on moisture retention in potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture, 8: 345-356.
Golzardi, F., Rahjoo, V., Beheshti, S.A., Basafa, M., Torabi, M., Mokhtarzadeh, A., Feizbakhsh, M.T., Saberi, A., Azari-Nasrababd, A. and Mobaser, S. 2020. “Behesht” new cultivar of forage sorghum, suitable for cultivation in warm temperate zones of the Iran. Tat Reflection: Knowledge-Based Agriculture, 3(8): 12-13. (In Persian).
Hamzehei, J., Abbasi, H. and Vaziri Amjad, Z. 2017. The effect of different mulches on yield, yield components of maize and weed dry weights. Journal of Agriculture Improvement, 19(1): 105-117. (In Persian).
Heydari, M. and Asgharipour, M.R. 2012. Effect of different levels of potassium sulfate on yield and yield components of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under drought stress. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(2): 374-381. (In Persian).
Horvath, D.P., Bruggeman, S., Moriles‐Miller, J., Anderson, J.V., Dogramaci, M., Scheffler, B.E., Hernandez, A.G., Foley, M.E. and Clay, S. 2018. Weed presence altered biotic stress and light signaling in maize even when weeds were removed early in the critical weed‐free period. American Society of Plant Biologists, 2(4): 1-15.
Javaheri, S., Zarei, H., Movahedi Naeini, S.A. and Roushani, G. 2013. Comparison of the effect of seven types of culture medium on the quality characteristics of spring grass at three levels of compaction. Journal of Crop Improvement, 15(3): 65-76. (In Persian).
Kaewpradit, W., Toomsan, B., Cadisch, G., Vityakon, P. and Limpinuntana, V. 2009. Mixing groundnut residues and rice straw to improve rice yield and N use efficiency. Field Crops Research, 110: 130-138.
Kar, G. and Kumar, A. 2007. Effects of irrigation and straw mulch on water use and tuber yield of potato in eastern India. Water Management, 94: 109-116.
Kara, B. and Atar, B. 2013. Effects of mulch practices on fresh ear yield and yield components of sweet corn. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37: 281-287.
Kasirajan, S. and Ngouajio, M. 2012. Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 32(2): 501-529.
Kirigwi, F.M., Van Ginkel, M., Trethowan, R., Seaes, R.G., Rajaram, S. and Paulsen, G.M. 2004. Evaluation of selection strategies for wheat adaptation across water regimes. Euphytica, 135: 361-371.
Kwabiah, A.B. 2004. Growth and yield of sweet corn cultivars in response to planting date and plastic mulch in a short-season environment. Scientia Horticulture, 102: 147-166.
Liaghat, A., Mashhorynejad, P.B. and Pazira, A. 1999. Salinity control and crop applied water with use of sub-irrigation and crop canopy on soil surface. Proceeding of seventh national seminar on irrigation and evapotranspiration. University of Shahid Bahonar, Kerman Iran. pp. 100-108. (In Persian).
Machado, S. 2007. Allelopathic potential of various plant species on downy brooms. Agronomy Journal, 99: 127-132.
MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fishier and Food). 1982. The Analysis of Agricultural Materials, 2nd ed. MAFF, London, UK.
Marinari, S., Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B. and Grego, S. 2000. Influence of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil biological and physical properties. Bioresource Technology, 72: 9-17.
McLaughlin, J. and Yurgalevitch, C. 2016. Mulching practices for South Florida. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science.
Mcwilliams, D. 2002. Drought strategies for corn and grain sorghum. Cooperative Extension Service. Circular 580. College of Agriculture and Home Economics, New Mexico State University, 4: 35-45.
Megyes, A., Nagy, J., Rátonyi, T. and Huzsvai, L. 2005. Irrigation of maize (zea mays L.) in relation to fertilization in a long-term field experiment. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 35(1): 41-46.
Miri, H.R., Shokati, M.M. and Armin, M. 2016. Corn yield and yield components response to partial root zone drying and potassium application. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 110: 46-53. (In Persian).
Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., Alidoost, M. and Mahboub Khomami, A. 2014. Effects of peanut cocoon compost as a culture medium on ornamental plant growth of Madagascar dragontree (Dracaena marginata L.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 28(1): 34-42. (In Persian).
Mohammadkhani, N. and Heidari, R. 2008. Effects of drought stress on soluble proteins in two maize varieties. Turkish Journal of Biology, 32: 23-30.
Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A., Aghaalikhani, M., Nasiri-Mahallati, M., Zand, E., Gonzalez-Andujar, J.L. and Azari, A. 2013. Agronomic performance, seed quality and nitrogen uptake of Descurainia Sophia in response to different nitrogen rates and water times. Industrial Crops and Products, 44: 583-592.
Monzon, J.P., Sadras, V.O. and Andrade, F.H. 2006. Fallow soil evaporation and water storage as affected by stubble in sub-humid (Argentina) and semi-arid (Australia) Environments. Filed Crops Research, 98(2-3): 83-90.
Muthukumar, V.B., Velayudham, K. and Thavaprakaash, N. 2005. Growth and yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.) as influenced by plant growth regulators and different time of nitrogen application. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1: 303-307.
Oliviera-Neto, C.F., Silva-Lobato, A.K., Goncalves-Vidigal, M.C., Costa, R.C.L., Santos Filho, B.G., Alves, G.A.R. and Silva-Maia, W.J.M. 2009. Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages. Science and Technology, 7: 588-593.
Patterson, D.T. 1995. Effects of environmental stress on weed/crop interactions. Weed Science, 43(3): 483-490.
Payero, J.O., Melvin, S.R., Irmak, S. and Tarkalson, D. 2009. Yield response of corn to deficit irrigation in a semiarid climate. Agricultural Water Management, 84: 101-112.
Piri, H., Ansari, H. and Parsa, M. 2016. Quantitative and qualitative performance of forage sorghum at different salinity and irrigation water levels in subsurface diameter irrigation system. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 30(4): 467-482. (In Persian).
Rabbani, J. and Emam, Y. 2012. Yield response of Maize hybrids to drought stress at different growth stages. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 1(2): 65-78. (In Persian).
Raei, Y., Jorat, M., Moghaddam, H., Chaichi, M.R. and Weisany, W. 2014. Effect of density on connotative and collective yield of forage sorghum under water limitation. Journal of Agricultural science and sustainable production, 23(4.1): 51-65. (In Persian).
Rafiee Manesh, S., Ayenehband, A. and Nabati Ahmadi, D. 2010. The effect of different levels of irrigation and withholding irrigation on grain yield and yield components of Corn hybrid S.C.704 under Ahvaz condition. Crop Physiology Journal, 2(7): 93-105. (In Persian).
Rafiee, M. 2020. Effect of sowing time on growth and yield of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars in second cropping in temperate region of Lorestan province. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 20(3): 180-193. (In Persian).
Sadeghi, H. and Khani, K. 2012. Effects of different drought and salinity stress levels on some morphological characteristics and proline content of annual burr medics (M. polymorpha L.). Iranian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Sciences, 1(2): 1-13. (In Persian).
Sah, R.P., Chakraborty, M., Prasad, K., Pandit, M., Tudu, V.K., Chakravarty, M.K., Narayan, S.C., Rana, M. and Moharana, D. 2020. Impact of water deficit stress in maize: Phenology and yield components. Scientific Reports, 10: 2944.
Sajedi, N., Ardakani, M.R., Naderi, A., Madani, H. and Mashhadi-Akbar Boojar, M. 2009. Effects of water deficit stress and nutrients application on yield, yield component and water use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 7(2): 493-503. (In Persian).
SAS. 2015. SAS Version 9.4. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.
Serraj, R. and Sinclair, T.R. 2002. Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plant cell Environmental, 25: 333-341.
Soltani, A. and Faraji, A. 2007. Soil water and plant relationship. University Jihad of Mashhad Press, 246 pp. (In Persian).
SPCRI (Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute). 2020. Sorghum bicolor L. (available at http://www.spcri.ir/). (In Persian).
Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L., Beaton, J.D. and Havlin, J.L. 2003. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 5th Edn., Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, India.
Vasilakoglou, I., Dhima, K., Karagiannidis, N. and Gatsis, T. 2011. Sweet Sorghum productivity for bio-fuels under increased soil salinity and reduced irrigation. Field Crops Research, 120: 38-46.
Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q. and Guo, S. 2013. The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(4): 7370-7390.
Wu, X.H., Wang, W., Xie, X.L., Yin, C.N. and Hou, H.J. 2018. Effects of rice straw mulching on N2O emissions and maize productivity in a rain-fed upland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 6407-6413.
Yu-kui, R., Yun-feng, P., Zheng-rui, W. and Jian-bo, S. 2009. Stem perimeter, height and biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) grown under different N fertilization times in Beijing, China. International Journal of Plant Production, 3(2): 85- 90.
Zeidan, M.S., Amany, A. and El-Kramany, M.F. 2006. Effect of N-fertilizer and plant density on yield and quality of maize in sandy soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2(4): 156-161.