واکنش عملکرد ژنوتیپ‌های لوبیا به تنش کم آبیاری و سطوح کود نیتروژن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اگروتکنولوژی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

2 اساتید گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

به منظور ارزیابی تاثیر تنش کم آبیاری و سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه لوبیا، دو آزمایش جداگانه (آبیاری نرمال و کم آبیاری) در قالب طرح فاکتوریل بر مبنای بلوک کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار در مزرعه پژوهشی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران در سال زراعی 1399-1398 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل دو سطح آبیاری (آبیاری نرمال و 50% نرمال)، پنج سطح ژنوتیپ لوبیا (پاک، درسا، گلی، صدری، D81083) و سه سطح کود نیتروژن (بدون کود، 50%، 100% کود مورد نیاز) بودند. نتایج آزمایش تجزیه مرکب هر دو آزمایش نشان داد که اثر تنش کم آبیاری و اثر نوع ژنوتیپ بر تمامی صفات مورد بررسی لوبیا معنی‌دار شد. همچنین اعمال سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن بر تمامی صفات به غیر از شاخص برداشت و تعداد دانه در غلاف، معنی‌دار بود. اثر متقابل نیتروژن × ژنوتیپ، آبیاری × نیتروژن، آبیاری × ژنوتیپ بر وزن صددانه معنی‌دار بود. همچنین اثر متقابل سه گانه آبیاری، نیتروژن و ژنوتیپ بر تعداد دانه در غلاف معنی‌دار بود، و لوبیا قرمز گلی در آبیاری کامل و هر سه سطح کودی بیشترین تعداد دانه در غلاف را داشت. تنش کم آبیاری باعث کاهش میزان تمامی صفات عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ژنوتیپ های لوبیا شد. همچنین با افزایش مصرف کود نیتروژن، مقادیر عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، وزن صد دانه، تعداد دانه در غلاف و تعداد غلاف در بوته افزایش یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Yield response of bean genotypes to irrigation stress and nitrogen fertilizer levels

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Karimi Azar 1
  • Naser Majnoun Hosseini 2
  • Mohammadreza Bihamta 2
1 M.Sc. student of Agrotechnology, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
2 Professors, Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Legume crops as human and animal feed are high in protein and have a positive effect on the yield of other crops when grown in rotation with cereals or as cover crops. However, drought can reduce pulse grain yield by 10 to 100 percent. It has been observed that drought stress has different effects on the yield of various genotypes of lentils; additionally, drought stress reduces grain yield in various cultivars of pinto beans and other genotypes of beans. According to reports, nitrogen can effectively mitigate the damaging effects of drought stress on maize. It has also been reported that the application of fertilizer treatments to various chickpea cultivars increases yield. The creation of stress-resistant plant cultivars has always been regarded as an effective method for mitigating the negative effects of stress. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of irrigation stress and varying nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of bean genotypes.
Materials and Methods: In 2020, two separate experiments (normal irrigation and low irrigation) were conducted on the research field of the school of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Tehran in order to evaluate the effect of low irrigation stress and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on bean plant yield and yield components. The experiment was designed with a factorial layout based on a completely randomized block with three replications. The experimental treatments included two levels of irrigation (normal irrigation and 50% normal), five levels of bean genotype (Pak, Dorsa, Goli, Sadri, D81083), and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (no nitrogen fertilizer, 50% nitrogen fertilizer, and 100% nitrogen fertilizer). SAS 9.4 and Excel 2016 were utilized for data analysis, combined analysis of variance of both experiments, comparison of means, and graphing. Also, Minitab was utilized to examine the homogeneity of error variance.
Results and Discussion: Prior to the combined analysis of variance, the homogeneity of variance of the experiments was examined, and it was determined that the homogeneity of variance of error in none of the experiments (at the one percent level) was rejected. The results of a combined analysis of variance indicated that irrigation stress and bean genotypes had a significant effect on all investigated traits. In addition, the application of different nitrogen fertilizer levels had a significant effect on all traits except harvest index and number of grains per pod. The dual interaction of treatments and the triple interaction of irrigation, nitrogen, and genotype on the number of seeds per pod. A comparison of the means of different levels of irrigation revealed that the values of all yield traits and yield components of beans decreased when low irrigation stress was applied. Significant reduction in grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index percentage under drought stress conditions were 30.5, 23 and 12 percent, respectively, when compared to the fully irrigated treatment, demonstrating the significance of drought stress effects on bean crop yield.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer have a significant effect on yield and yield components for all bean genotypes. In such a way that a 30% reduction in grain yield is observed with low irrigation stress. Nevertheless, application of nitrogen fertilizer caused relative resistance of bean genotypes to low irrigation stress, so that using 100% nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the highest grain yield was obtained for white beans (4481 kg / ha), pinto beans Sadri (4373 kg / ha), and red bean (3936 kg / ha), among the five genotypes. In general, the findings of this study indicated that the destructive effects of low irrigation stress or drought on bean grain yield could be mitigated to some extent by selecting suitable bean genotypes and applying appropriate nitrogen fertilizer levels.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought stress
  • Harvest index
  • Red bean Goli cv
  • Normal irrigation
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Beebe, S.E., Rao, I.M., Cajiao, C. and Grajales, M. 2008. Selection for drought resistance in common bean also improves yield in phosphorus limited and favorable environments. Crop Science, 48(2): 582-592.
Beizaii, A. 1999. Project final report and compare the yield of white, red and pinto beans. Central Agriculture Research Center of Markazi Province. (In Persian).
Daryanto, S., Wang, L. and Jacinthe, P.A. 2015. Global synthesis of drought effects on food legume production. PloS one, 10(6): e0127401.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(1): 185-212.
Ghanbari, A.A., Mousavi, S.H., Mousapour Gorji, A. and Idupulapati, R. 2013. Effects of water stress on leaves and seeds of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18(1): 73-77.
Ghobadi, R., Shirkhani, A. and Jalilian, A. 2015. Effects of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, its components, water and nitrogen use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) cv. SC. 704. Applied Field Crops Research, 28(106): 79-87. (In Persian).
IPCC. 2013. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge university press, pp. 1535.
Kahrizy, S. and Sepehri, A. 2019. Effect of vermicompost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 29(1): 67-83. (In Persian).
Kraiser, T., Gras, D.E., Gutiérrez, A.G., González, B. and Gutiérrez, R.A. 2011. A holistic view of nitrogen acquisition in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(4): 1455-1466.
Majnoun Hosseini, N. 2008. Grain Legume Production. Jihad-Daneshghahi University of Tehran, pp. 1-3. (In Persian).
McClean, P.E., Burridge, J., Beebe, S., Rao, I.M. and Porch, T.G. 2011. Crop improvement in the era of climate change: an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Functional Plant Biology, 38(12): 927-933.
Mohammadzadeh, A., Majnoun Hosseini, N., Moghaddam, H. and Akbari, M. 2013. Effect of different levels of drought stress and nitrogen on yield and yield components of two genotypes of Bean. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 43(1): 29-38. (In Persian).
Nouralinezhad, A.R., Amiri, E. and Sedghi, H. 2019. The yield evaluation and water productivity on common bean and cowpea in irrigation management condition and nitrogen fertilizer. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 13(4): 1010-1026. (In Persian).
Price, G.D. and Howitt, S.M. 2014. Towards turbocharged photosynthesis. Nature, 513(7519): 497-498.
Rao, I.M. 2014. Advances in improving adaptation of common bean and brachiaria forage grasses to abiotic stress in the tropics. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 847–889.
Rosales, M.A., CuellarOrtiz, S.M., de la Paz ArrietaMontiel, M., AcostaGallegos, J. and Covarrubias, A.A. 2013. Physiological traits related to terminal drought resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(2): 324-331.
Saberali, S.F., Yosefi-fard, M. and Sadat Asilan, K. 2020. Effect of different level of irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal Pulses Research, 11(2): 137-149. (In Persian).
Sainju, U.M., Whitehead, W.F. and Singh, B.P. 2005. Biculture legume–cereal cover crops for enhanced biomass yield, carbon, and nitrogen. Agronomy Journal, 97(5): 1403-1412.
Sawan, Z.M. 2006. Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) yield as affected by nitrogen fertilisation and foliar application of potassium and mepiquat chloride. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science, 1(2): 99-105.
Shah, S.H. 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on nitrate reductase zctivity, protein, and oil yields of Nigella sativa L. as affected by foliar GA3 application. Turkish Journal of Botany, 32(2): 165-170.
Torabi Jafroodi, A., Fayaz Moghadam, E. and Hassanzadeh Ghorttappaeh, A. 2005. Study the effect of plant density and different sowing pattern on seed yield and protein content in red skin common bean varieties. Abstract Book of the 1st Iranian Pulse Symposium, Mashhad-Iran, p. 238. (In Persian).
Vafaei, M.H., Parsa, M., Nezami, A., Ganjeali, A. and Sharaf, A. 2019. Effect of drought stress on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, yield, yield components and economic water use efficiency of selected lentil genotypes. Journal of Crops Improvement, 21(2): 131-148. (In Persian).
Yousef Sadeh, Y., Majnoun Hosseini, N. and Zeinali, H. 2014. Effects of sowing date and growth habit on morphological characters and seed yield at advanced lines of pinto bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.). Master Thesis, University of Tehran. (In Persian).
Akibode, C.S. and Maredia, M.K. 2012. Global and regional trends in production, trade and consumption of food legume crops. Report of Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics. 89 pp.
Araujo, S.S., Beebe, S., Crespi, M., Delbreil, B., Gonzalez, E.M., Gruber, V., Lejeune-Henaut, I., Link, W., Monteros, M.J. and Prats, E. 2015. Abiotic stress responses in legumes: strategies used to cope with environmental challenges. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 34(1-3): 237-280.
Assadi, B. and Asterki, H. 2015. Response of chitti bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines to drought stress based on tolerance indices. Seed and Plant Journal, 31(2): 233-248. (In Persian).
Bayati, K., Majnoun Hosseini, N., Moghadam, H. and Basiri, R. 2018. Effects of drought stress and nitrogen on grain yield and some agronomic traits of red kidney bean cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 48(4): 1069-1081. (In Persian).
Beebe, S.E., Rao, I.M., Cajiao, C. and Grajales, M. 2008. Selection for drought resistance in common bean also improves yield in phosphorus limited and favorable environments. Crop Science, 48(2): 582-592.
Beizaii, A. 1999. Project final report and compare the yield of white, red and pinto beans. Central Agriculture Research Center of Markazi Province. (In Persian).
Daryanto, S., Wang, L. and Jacinthe, P.A. 2015. Global synthesis of drought effects on food legume production. PloS one, 10(6): e0127401.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29(1): 185-212.
Ghanbari, A.A., Mousavi, S.H., Mousapour Gorji, A. and Idupulapati, R. 2013. Effects of water stress on leaves and seeds of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18(1): 73-77.
Ghobadi, R., Shirkhani, A. and Jalilian, A. 2015. Effects of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, its components, water and nitrogen use efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) cv. SC. 704. Applied Field Crops Research, 28(106): 79-87. (In Persian).
IPCC. 2013. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge university press, pp. 1535.
Kahrizy, S. and Sepehri, A. 2019. Effect of vermicompost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 29(1): 67-83. (In Persian).
Kraiser, T., Gras, D.E., Gutiérrez, A.G., González, B. and Gutiérrez, R.A. 2011. A holistic view of nitrogen acquisition in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(4): 1455-1466.
Majnoun Hosseini, N. 2008. Grain Legume Production. Jihad-Daneshghahi University of Tehran, pp. 1-3. (In Persian).
McClean, P.E., Burridge, J., Beebe, S., Rao, I.M. and Porch, T.G. 2011. Crop improvement in the era of climate change: an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Functional Plant Biology, 38(12): 927-933.
Mohammadzadeh, A., Majnoun Hosseini, N., Moghaddam, H. and Akbari, M. 2013. Effect of different levels of drought stress and nitrogen on yield and yield components of two genotypes of Bean. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 43(1): 29-38. (In Persian).
Nouralinezhad, A.R., Amiri, E. and Sedghi, H. 2019. The yield evaluation and water productivity on common bean and cowpea in irrigation management condition and nitrogen fertilizer. Iranian Journal of Irrigation & Drainage, 13(4): 1010-1026. (In Persian).
Price, G.D. and Howitt, S.M. 2014. Towards turbocharged photosynthesis. Nature, 513(7519): 497-498.
Rao, I.M. 2014. Advances in improving adaptation of common bean and brachiaria forage grasses to abiotic stress in the tropics. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 847–889.
Rosales, M.A., CuellarOrtiz, S.M., de la Paz ArrietaMontiel, M., AcostaGallegos, J. and Covarrubias, A.A. 2013. Physiological traits related to terminal drought resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(2): 324-331.
Saberali, S.F., Yosefi-fard, M. and Sadat Asilan, K. 2020. Effect of different level of irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal Pulses Research, 11(2): 137-149. (In Persian).
Sainju, U.M., Whitehead, W.F. and Singh, B.P. 2005. Biculture legume–cereal cover crops for enhanced biomass yield, carbon, and nitrogen. Agronomy Journal, 97(5): 1403-1412.
Sawan, Z.M. 2006. Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) yield as affected by nitrogen fertilisation and foliar application of potassium and mepiquat chloride. Communications in Biometry and Crop Science, 1(2): 99-105.
Shah, S.H. 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on nitrate reductase zctivity, protein, and oil yields of Nigella sativa L. as affected by foliar GA3 application. Turkish Journal of Botany, 32(2): 165-170.
Torabi Jafroodi, A., Fayaz Moghadam, E. and Hassanzadeh Ghorttappaeh, A. 2005. Study the effect of plant density and different sowing pattern on seed yield and protein content in red skin common bean varieties. Abstract Book of the 1st Iranian Pulse Symposium, Mashhad-Iran, p. 238. (In Persian).
Vafaei, M.H., Parsa, M., Nezami, A., Ganjeali, A. and Sharaf, A. 2019. Effect of drought stress on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, yield, yield components and economic water use efficiency of selected lentil genotypes. Journal of Crops Improvement, 21(2): 131-148. (In Persian).
Yousef Sadeh, Y., Majnoun Hosseini, N. and Zeinali, H. 2014. Effects of sowing date and growth habit on morphological characters and seed yield at advanced lines of pinto bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.). Master Thesis, University of Tehran. (In Persian).