Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
M.Sc. Graduate in Weed Science, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2
Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
3
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: Maize (Zea mays L.) is of particular importance in Iran as the main source of energy for poultry and livestock feeding, and for this reason, the development of the cultivated area and the increase in the production of this product have a special priority. According to the information of the World Agricultural Food Organization, the cultivated area of corn has reached 98.8 million hectares, which is 10.4% of the cultivated area of the world, and its annual production is equal to 1.1 billion tons. Among the factors limiting the production of agricultural products and reducing their quantity and quality are pests, diseases and weeds. Among these three factors, weeds are of great importance.The amount of damage caused by weeds in the corn field is different and is usually between 69 and 84%. Sorghum halepens (L.) Pers. It is one of the most important weeds in corn fields. Water and soil pollution are important environmental issues that endanger human health. Nicosulfuron (Crooz) and Rimsulfuron are among the most widely used herbicides in agricultural products, which are used to control weeds in Iranian fields. Since the herbicides used in fields and agricultural lands have different durability and effects on the environment, therefore, study and research on the remaining amount of these products in the soil, as well as investigating its absorption behavior in the soil and establishing a link between the pesticide and clay particles. Organic matter in soil is essential.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the leaching rate of Nicosulfuron herbicide from the soil column with corn crop vegetation and Sorghum weed under different management scenarios in the soil profile, a factorial experiment based on a completely random design, with three repetitions in 39 polyethylene columns with a diameter of 12 and a height of 70 cm was designed and used. The test factors include two types of soil; The soil of Kohdasht (S1) and Khorramabad (S2) regions, as well as three types of organic matter including; sheep manure (OM1), wheat straw (OM2), biochar (OM3) and control (OM4). The levels of biochar and sheep fertilizers were 50 tons per hectare and organic matter of straw was 1%. After designing and preparing soil columns, corn and sorghum plants were cultivated in them. During the growing season, 5 periods of irrigation were applied and at the end of each irrigation, the amount of toxin in the effluent from the soil column was measured.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the effect of soil type, organic matter, irrigation time, and the interactions of organic matter and irrigation time on the amount of drainage toxin were significant (p <0.01). The results of comparison between different treatments showed that the use of organic matter in the soil causes the absorption of toxin and prevents its mobility to the lower layers, so that the highest and lowest concentrations of herbicides in the drain were observed in the treatment containing straw and control treatment, respectively. The amount of soil clay plays an important role in the rate of toxin uptake, so that in the present study, the highest rate of herbicide uptake in columns containing Sorghum, biochar fertilizer and soil of Khorramabad region and the lowest rate of toxin uptake in columns containing corn, straw and soil of Kuhdasht region was observed.
Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the behavior of surface absorption and release of Cruz herbicide in the soil depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil such as soil clay content, type of organic matter and organic carbon content.
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