Crop Science Research in Arid Regions

Crop Science Research in Arid Regions

The effect of organic fertilizers and their integration on the yield of (Lippia citrodora L.) leaves and some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in response to irrigation methods

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Marziyeh Habibi 1
Issa Khammari 2
Mehdi Dahmardeh 2
Seyed Ahmad Ghanbari 2
1 Ph.D Student of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
10.22034/csrar.2024.349505.1253
Abstract
Introduction: One of the increasing methods of water consumption efficiency, is evaluation of irrigation systems especially surface irrigation systems as the most widely uses irrigation method. Organic materials also because of their benefical effects that have on physical, chemical, biological and fertility traits of soil, are considered one of the important aspects of soil fertility.in order to evaluate the consumption of organic fertilizers and their integration on economic yeild (leaf) of lemon verbena and some combination on leaf yield to lemon verbena (Lippia citrodora L.) and some physical and chemical characteristics of soil under different irrigation methods,
Materials and Methods:  an experiment was performed as split plots based on a randomized complete block design was carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University (Chah Nimeh) with three replications in two cropping years 2017 and 2018. The main factor included three irrigation methods: flood irrigation, furrow irrigation and drip irrigation and the secondary factor included the use of organic fertilizers and their combination in 5 levels: no Consumption of fertilizer (control), cattle manure (30 tons per hectare), poultry manure (5 tons per hectare), vermicompost (5 tons per hectare), combination (15 tons per hectare of cattle manure + 2.5 tons per hectare of poultry manure). data related to evaluated traits were analized using SAS software (version 9.1). tables were drawn using word and excel software. Comparison of means treatment was done using Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% Probability level.
Results and Discussion:  result showed that the highest economic yield (leaf) to lemon verbena was obtained by flooding irrigation method and lowest by drip irrigation method. In other words leaf yield decreased in the dripping method by 12.1% compared to the flooding method that this reduction can be attributed to soil salinity and high air temperature during the plant growth period and lack of sufficient leaching of saline solutions in the drip irrigation method, among organic fertilizers treatments the highest economic yield was obtained from 30 tons per hectare of cow manure treatment, and the lowest by control treatment. cow manure improves plant growth and yield by increasing the water holding capacity of the soil, incrasing soil microbial diversity, improving part of the nutrients needed by plant. using organic fertilizer was increased soil nitrogen, potassium and sodium content and decreased soil bulk density. The highest amount of soil organic matter, soil phosphorous were obtained from interaction drip irrigation treatment and consumption of 30 tons of cow manure. There was no statistically significant difference between drip irrigation and half cow manure +half poultry manure treatment. Increasing amount of soil organic matter in these treatments can be because of increasing carbon input from cow manure. interaction between effect of cow manure and drip irrigation increases soil organic matter by increasing the availability of soil nutrients along with ability to hold soil moisture because of creating a favourable environment for activity of soil microorganisms.
Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said to substitude organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers in lemon verbena improves physical and chemical properties of soil and reduces environmental effects of chemical fertilizer, also use of drip irrigation greatly reduces water consumption in lemon cultivation compared to traditional irrigation methods.
Keywords
Drip irrigation
Economic yield
High consumption elements
Organic matter percentage
Absalan, S. and Dehghani Sanij, H., 2015. Changes in soil salinity under sprinkler irrigation system in Azadegan plain region of Khuzestan. The first national conference to study the dimensions of the implementation of the 550,000-hectare agricultural development plan, 17–18 Nov., Ahvaz, Iran. [In Persian].
Afonso, S., Arrobas, M. and Rodrigues, M., 2021. Twenty-years of hop irrigation by flooding the inter-row did not cause a gradient along the row in soil properties, plant elemental composition and dry matter yield. Horticulturae, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070194
Agbede, T.M., Ojeniyi, S.O. and Adeyemo, A.J., 2008. Effect of poultry manure on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of sorghum in southwest Nigeria. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2(1), pp.72–77.
Alaoui, A., Rogger, M., Peth, S. and Blöschl, G., 2018. Does soil compaction increase floods? A review. Journal of Hydrology, 557, pp.631–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.12.052
Al-Baji, M., 2010. Effect of conventional irrigation methods, regulated irrigation and local drought irrigation on yield, components of yield, water productivity and efficiency of sunflower water consumption. Doctoral dissertation, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
Alizadeh, A., 2010. Designing pressure irrigation systems (Vol. II, 4th ed.). Mashhad Ferdowsi University. [In Persian].
Alizadeh, P., Fallah, S. and Raiesi, F., 2012. Potential N mineralization and availability to irrigated maize in a calcareous soil amended with organic manures and urea under field conditions. International Journal of Plant Production, 6(4), pp.493–512. [In Persian].
Alva, A.K., Ren, H. and Moore, A.D., 2012. Water and nitrogen management effects on biomass accumulation and partitioning in two potato cultivars. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, pp.164–170. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.31019
Amin, Z., Fallah, S. and Abbasi Surki, A., 2018. Effect of application method and different levels of cattle manure on performance and concentration of some nutrients of garlic (Allium sativum). Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 7(3), pp.107–120. https://doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.11481.1661
Ansari, H., 2011. Surface irrigation evaluation, design and simulation. Mashhad University Press. [In Persian].
Askegaard, M. and Eriksen, J., 2000. Potassium retention and leaching in an organic crop rotation on loamy sand as affected by contrasting potassium budgets. Soil Use and Management, 16, pp.200–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2000.tb00193.x
Aydinsakir, K., 2018. Yield and quality characteristics of drip-irrigated soybean under different irrigation levels. Agronomy Journal, 110(4), pp.1473–1481. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.12.0748
Azeez, J.O., Van Averbeke, W. and Okorogbona, A.O.M., 2010. Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology, 101, pp.2499–2505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.095
Bagvand, F., Zarabi, M., Mahdavi, S. and Asariha, M., 2019. Effect of vermicompost on phosphorus adsorption in calcareous soils compared to other organic amendments. Journal of Water and Resources Conservation, 9(1), pp.1–16. [In Persian].
Bandyopadhyay, K.K., Misra, A.K., Ghosh, P.K. and Hati, K.M., 2010. Effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers on soil physical properties and productivity of soybean. Soil and Tillage Research, 110, pp.115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.07.007
Behera, S.K. and Panda, R.K., 2009. Effect of fertilization and irrigation schedule on water and fertilizer solute transport for wheat crop in a sub-humid sub-tropical region. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 130, pp.141–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.12.009
Blake, G.R. and Hartge, K.H., 1986. Bulk density. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 – Physical and mineralogical methods (pp.363–375). ASA-SSSA. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13
Bremner, D.C. and Mulvaney, J.M., 1982. Total nitrogen. In A.L. Page (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 2 – Chemical and microbiological properties (pp.595–624). ASA-SSSA. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31
Carrera-Quintanar, L., Funes, L., Viudes, E., Tur, J., Micol, V., Roche, E. and Pons, A., 2012. Antioxidant effect of lemon verbena extracts in lymphocytes of university students performing aerobic training program. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(4), pp.454–461.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01244.x
Celik, I., Gunal, H., Budak, M. and Akpinar, C., 2010. Effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions. Geoderma, 160(2), pp.236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.09.028
Cetin, O. and Bilgel, L., 2002. Effects of different irrigation methods on shedding and yield of cotton. Agricultural Water Management, 54, pp.1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(01)00138-x
Chaney, K. and Swift, R.S., 1986. Studies on aggregate stability of reformed soil aggregates. Journal of Soil Science, 37, pp.337–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1986.tb00036.x
Dimkpa, C.O., Fugice, J., Singh, U. and Lewis, T.D., 2020. Development of fertilizers for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency: Trends and perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 731, 139113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139113
Drinkwater, L.E., Letourneau, D.K. and Shennan, C., 1995. Fundamental differences between conventional and organic tomato agroecosystems in California. Ecological Applications, 5(4), pp.1098–1112. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269357
Emadi, S.K. (2017). Study the effect of sprinkler irrigation systems on some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of Semnan. M.Sc. Dissertation in Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran [In Persian].
Franco, J.A., Perez-Saura, P.J., Fernandez, J.A., Parra, M. and Garcia, A.L., 1999. Effect of two irrigation rates on yield, incidence of blossom end rot, mineral content and free amino acid levels in tomato cultivated under drip irrigation using saline water. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 74(4), pp.430–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1999.11511132
Ghamarnia, H. and Sepehri, S., 2009. Water stress management and its effects on water use efficiency and other yield parameters of potato in Kermanshah province in the west of Iran. 60th International Executive Council Meeting & 5th Asian Regional Conference, New Delhi, India. [In Persian].
Ghosh, P.K., Ramesh, P., Bandyopadhyay, K.K., Tripathi, A.K., Hati, K.M., Misra, A.K. and Acharya, C.L., 2004. Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. I. Crop yields and system performance. Bioresource Technology, 95, pp.77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.02.011
Haj Seyed Hadi, M.R. and Rezaee Ghale, H., 2016. Effects of vermicompost and foliar application of amino acids and urea on quantitative and qualitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(6), pp.1058–1070. [In Persian].
Hamza, M.A., Al-Adawi, S.S. and Al-Hinai, K.A., 2011. Effect of combined soil water and external load on soil compaction. Soil Research, 49, pp.135–142. https://doi.org/10.1071/sr09144
Hao, X. and Chang, C., 2003. Does long-term heavy cattle manure application increase salinity of a clay loam soil in semi-arid southern Alberta? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 94, pp.89–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(02)00008-7
Hellal, F.A., Zewainy, R.M., Khalil, A.A. and Ragab, A.A.M., 2014. Effect of organic and bio-fertilizer management practices on nutrient availability and uptake by faba bean–maize sequence. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 8(5), pp.35–42.
Hosseinpour, M., Sorooshzadeh, A., Aghaalikhani, M., Khoramian, M. and Taleghani, D.F., 2006. Evaluation of quantity and quality of sugar beet under drip and furrow irrigation methods in north of Khuzestan. Sugar Beet Magazine Pages, 2, pp.39–57. [In Persian].
Jahan, M., Nariri Mahalati, M., Amiri, M.B. and Tahami, K., 2011. Effects of biological fertilizers on oil production and yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the winter cover crops. National Conference on Sustainable Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Varamin-Pishva, 1 December, pp.1747–1758.
Joshi, R., Singh, J. and Vig, A.P., 2015. Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: Effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 14, pp.137–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-014-9347-1
Kanchikerimath, M. and Singh, D., 2001. Soil organic matter and biological properties after 26 years of maize–wheat–cowpea cropping as affected by manure and fertilization in a combisol, India. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 86, pp.155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00280-2
Last, P.J., Draycott, A., Messem, A.B. and Webb, D.J., 1983. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on sugar beet at Broom's Barn 1973–8. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 101(1), pp.185–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600036509
Lawrence, J.R., Ketterings, Q.M. and Cherney, J.H., 2008. Effect of nitrogen application on yield and quality of silage corn after forage legume–grass. Agronomy Journal, 100(1), pp.73–79. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0071
Lira, P.D.L., Van Baren, C.M., Retta, D., Bandoni, A.L., Gil, A., Gattuso, M. and Gattuso, S., 2008. Characterization of lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora Palau) from Argentina by the essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20, pp.350–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9700028
Maguire, R.O., Peter, J.A., Kleinman, P.J. and Beegle, D.B., 2011. Novel manure management technologies in no-till and forage systems: Introduction to the Special Series. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40(2), pp.287–291. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0396
Mahmoudi, S., Najafi, N. and Reyhanitbar, A., 2015. Effect of soil moisture and application of sewage sludge compost on some soil chemical properties and concentration of high consumption elements of alfalfa forage in greenhouse conditions. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Crops, 22(2), pp.37–54. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ejgcst.6.2.37
Martinez-Rodriguez, A., Moya, M., Vicente-Salar, N., Brouzet, T., Carrera-Quintanar, L., Cervello, E., Micol, V. and Roche, E., 2015. Biochemical and psychological changes in university students performing aerobic exercise and consuming lemon verbena extracts. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research, 13(2), pp.95–102.
Mastalizadeh, B., Khajoei-Nejad, G. and Moradi, R., 2020. Assessing physico-chemical properties of potato as affected by different irrigation methods. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 9(36), pp.33–48. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.23222727.1399.9.36.3.6
Mehrpoyan, M., Normohamadi, Q., Mirhadi, M.J., Heydari Sharifabad, H. and Shirani Rad, A.H., 2011. Effect of some inoculants containing Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Phaseoli on nutrient uptake in three cultivars of common bean. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 1(2), pp.1–10. [In Persian].
Mirzaei, R., Kambozia, H., Sabahi, H. and Mahdavi, A., 2009. Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil physicochemical properties, production and biomass yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 7(1), pp.257–268. [In Persian].
Moradzadeh, M., Boroumandesab, S., Lalehzari, R. and Bahrami, M., 2020. Performance evaluation and sensitivity analysis of various models of SIRMOD software in furrow irrigation design. Journal of Management System, 6(18), pp.63–74. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.20086377.1392.6.18.5.5
Munroe, G., 2005. Manual of on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada, pp.1–40.
Nelson, B.W. and Sommers, L.E., 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties (pp.539–577). American Society of Agronomy. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c29
Olsen, S.R. and Sammers, L.E., 1982. Phosphorus. In A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties (pp.403–427). American Society of Agronomy. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c24
Portmann, E., Lopez Nigro, M.M., Reides, C.G., Liesuy, S., Ricco, R.A., Wagner, M.L., Gurni, A.A. and Carballo, M.A., 2012. Aqueous extracts of Lippia turbinata and Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae): Assessment of antioxidant capacity and DNA damage. International Journal of Toxicology, 31(2), pp.1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581812436726
Rajak, D., Manjunatha, M.V., Rajkumar, G.R., Hebbara, M. and Minhas, P.S., 2006. Comparative effects of drip and furrow irrigation on the yield and water productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in a saline and waterlogged vertisol. Agricultural Water Management, 83, pp.30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.11.005
Rana, M.A., Arshad, M. and Masud, J., 2006. Effect of basin, furrow and raingun sprinkler irrigation systems on irrigation efficiencies, nitrate-nitrogen leaching and yield of sunflower. Pakistan Journal of Water Resources, 10(2), pp.2–6.
Selim, E.M., Mosa, A.A. and El-Ghamry, A.M., 2009. Evaluation of humic substances fertigation through surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems on potato grown under Egyptian sandy soil conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 96, pp.1218–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.03.018
Severin, C., Bruzzese, D., Di Sapio, O., Gattuso, M. and Gattuso, S., 2006. Evaluation of in vitro behaviour of Aloysia citriodora Palau: Histological and chemical study. Molecular Medicinal Chemistry, 11, pp.19–20.
Sezen, S.M., Yazar, A., Kapur, B. and Tekin, S., 2011. Comparison of drip and sprinkler irrigation strategies on sunflower seed and oil yield and quality under Mediterranean climate conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 98, pp.1153–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.02.005
Shahdi-Kumleh, A., Seyedi, S.R., Rabiee, M. and Foroughi, M., 2018. Effect of remaining nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on chemical properties of soil in faba bean–rice cropping system. Journal of Water and Soil Resource Protection, 7(4), pp.103–115. [In Persian].
Sharma, A.K., 2002. A handbook of organic farming. Agrobios.
Shaymaa, I.S., Zaghloul, S.M. and Yassen, A.A., 2009. Effect of method and rate of fertilizer application under drip irrigation on yield and nutrient uptake by tomato. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(2), pp.139–147.
Six, J., Elliott, E.T., Paustian, K. and Doran, J.W., 1998. Aggregation and soil organic matter accumulation in cultivated and native grassland soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 62, pp.1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050032x
Tiwari, K.N., Singh, A. and Mal, P.K., 2003. Effect of drip irrigation on yield of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) under mulch and no-mulch condition. Agricultural Water Management, 58, pp.19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00084-7
Uz, I. and Tavali, I.E., 2014. Short-term effect of vermicompost application on biological properties of an alkaline soil with high lime content from Mediterranean region of Turkey. The Scientific World Journal, 6, pp.1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/395282
Wang, Y., Li, S., Liang, H., Hu, K., Qin, S. and Guo, H., 2020. Comparison of water- and nitrogen-use efficiency over drip irrigation with border irrigation based on a model approach. Agronomy, 10, 1890. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121890
Wong, V.N., Dalal, R.C. and Greene, R.S., 2009. Carbon dynamics of sodic and saline soils following gypsum and organic material additions: A laboratory incubation. Applied Soil Ecology, 41(1), pp.29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.08.006
Zheng, J., Huang, G., Jiaa, D., Wang, J., Mota, M., Pereira, L.S., Huang, Q., Xua, X. and Liu, H., 2013. Responses of drip irrigated tomato yield, quality and water productivity to various soil matric potential thresholds in an arid region of Northwest China. Agricultural Water Management, 129, pp.181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.08.001
Zhou, B., Yunkai, L. and Yaoze, L., 2013. Quantitative relationship between biofilms components and emitter chogging underreclaimed water drip irrigatiom   Irrigation Science,  31(6), pp.1251-1263.
Crop Science Research in Arid Regions
Volume 7, Issue 2 - Serial Number 17
Summer 2025
Pages 443-461

  • Receive Date 21 August 2023
  • Revise Date 23 September 2023
  • Accept Date 26 September 2023